Monday, March 12, 2001
Now Kenyans See the Forest and the Trees
By JOHN GITHONGO
William ole Ntimama is one of the government's cleverer and more controversial
senior figures. In 1994, Maasai warriors acting at his instigation forcibly
and bloodily evicted thousands of Gikuyu smallholders who had settled in
a water catchment area around Enoosupukia. This affected the political
demographics of the area and turned Ntimama into one of the most vilified
public figures in Kenya.
In the early 1990s, assorted campaigns of ethnic cleansing were serenading
the return of multiparty politics in what was seen as a determined effort
by key members of the ruling elite to reduce Kenyan politics to an ethnic
zero-sum game. The political results of this not unsuccessful policy continue
to be felt today.To his credit, Ntimama remains a forceful and persistent
advocate of the rights of the Maasai vis-?-vis environmental issues and
the like. When I heard from him recently, he was livid at the government's
latest plans to reduce still further Kenya's already depleted forest cover.
A couple of weeks ago, the government announced through a gazette notice
by the Minister for Environment, Mr Francis Nyenze, that it had "degazetted"
over 68,000 hectares of indigenous forests around Kenya.
With so many of the parastatals privatised or run into the ground, the
primary sources of patronage resources left today are land and public procurement
contracts. The latter, however, as the last remaining parastatal cash cows,
find themselves under an extreme level of public and donor scrutiny.
It is not really practical for donors to keep a close eye on the allocations
of public land around the country the way they can on the management of
parastatals and the awarding of public procurement contracts. This means
that land allocation remains the easiest tools of patronage in the current
environment, to be dished out to reward political loyalty and consolidate
political support where it is flagging.
Nevertheless, the number of NGOs focusing on this issue has risen in
recent years, though Prof Wangari Maathai's Greenbelt Movement remains
the most prominent, explaining her arrest last week as she led protests
at the new forest excision plans. Of the total forest cover degazetted,
according to Sam Mwale, chairman of the conservation committee of the East
African Wildlife Society, 70 per cent is from the Mau forest – a move that
will have a tremendous impact on Ntimama's constituents and Kenyans at
large.
By last week the outrage had grown to a new crescendo with farmers of
the Sagana Settlement Scheme storming the Hombe Forest to uproot beacons
erected by some fast-moving surveyors. Minister for Lands and Settlement
Joseph Nyagah then made the rather blithe comment that still more land
was due to be degazetted and that "the ongoing exercise [was] to clearly
define forest boundaries."
The official excuse for the state's decision is the need to settle landless
Kenyans – an important objective. However, we must distinguish between
"landless Kenyans" and "private developers" – a political term in this
country, denoting the beneficiaries of patronage. The widespread fear is
that the excisions are being conducted now with an eye to the general election
next year.
It is now clear that, with the economic liberalisation-induced attrition
of patronage resources over the past 15 years, the environment is becoming,
as it were, the safety valve for corruption, greed and incompetence in
Kenya, with the allocation of land being used as a bribe meant to shape
political choices on the part of beneficiaries. Of the recent degazetting
of forests, therefore, one can argue that there never was a bribe so gigantic
or so terrible in its implications.
But the government's decision to chop up and dish out this country's
already alarmingly depleted forest coverage by a further 10 per cent is
also uniting, ironically, environmental activists with senior government
hawks like Ntimama. This means that there are still issues out there that
can unite Kenyans in a manner unseen since the US Embassy bomb blast in
1998.